Photoluminescent illuminators for passive illumination of sights and other devices

ABSTRACT

A photoluminescent capsule illuminator for a sighting device. The photoluminescent illuminator includes an elongated phosphor housing having sidewalls and a base. The photoluminescent illuminator includes phosphors in a granular form disposed inside the phosphor housing. The photoluminescent illuminator includes a cap sealing the phosphors in the phosphor housing. The phosphor housing is disposed in relation to a body of the sighting device such that photoluminescent light emitted from the phosphors exits the phosphor housing and identifies a location of a sight on the sighting device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is continuation of and claims priority to U.S. Ser. No.14/312,008 (the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference) which is a continuation of PCT/US12/71643, filed Dec. 26,2012, and claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/579,881, filed Dec. 23,2011.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to photoluminescent illuminators providingpassive illumination of sights and other devices especially in dark orlow light ambient conditions. The photoluminescent illuminators of theinvention permit objects to be viewed for relatively long durations inlow ambient light environments and to be recharged quickly.

Discussion of Background

Aiming sights are commonly used as a reference indicia on variousweaponry such archery bows, guns, mortar and artillery sights, etc.Archery sights usually have a bracket secured to a sight assembly on thebow to support vertically spaced sight elements extending cantileveredto an end adjacent a vertical sight plane. Each of the different sightelements typically represent distinct target distances from which thearcher can select in the aiming of his arrow toward an intended target.For guns, the traditional iron sights have a pair of aligned sightingelements mounted in line with the gun barrel. For mortar and artillerysights, there are often indicia for azimuth and elevation and theseindicia are illuminated using radioactive tritium capsule illuminators.Aiming sticks are stakes to be inserted in the ground for gunners topre-register mortar aim-points. They are identified by color or by thenumber of night illuminators visible.

A variety of firearms such as for example rifles, shotguns, and pistolsand other hand guns (“guns”) are aimed at targets using some form ofsighting device which is fixed to the weapon in alignment with the sightline of the gun barrel. While optical sights (“scopes”) are frequentlyused, the advantage of iron sights is that the eye can quickly integratethe entire field of view with respect to the iron sight so as to rapidlylocate the target and point the firearm in that direction. In low lightconditions, this capability is compromised especially by the usualcamouflaged or dark handgun, shotgun or rifle and the dark iron sights.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided aphotoluminescent capsule illuminator for a sighting device. Thephotoluminescent illuminator has an elongated phosphor housing havingsidewalls and a base, phosphors in a granular form disposed inside thephosphor housing, and a cap sealing the phosphors in the phosphorhousing. The phosphor housing is disposed in relation to a body of thesighting device such that photoluminescent light emitted from thephosphors exits the phosphor housing and identifies a location of asight on the sighting device.

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a methodfor locating an object in a low ambient light environment using aphotoluminescent illuminator. This method transmits external light intothe photoluminescent illuminator to charge phosphors in thephotoluminescent illuminator. This method emits photoluminescent lightfrom the phosphors to mark a position of the object in the low ambientlight environment.

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a methodfor illuminating of an object. The method transmits external light intothe photoluminescent illuminator to charge phosphors in thephotoluminescent illuminator. This method emits photoluminescent lightfrom the phosphors to illuminate the object.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description ofthe invention and the following detailed description are exemplary, butare not restrictive of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of this invention showingan elongated phosphor housing for a gun sight and an opticallytransparent cap on the front of the elongated phosphor housing that maybe configured to serve as a lens;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis the elongatedphosphor housing;

FIG. 3 is an end view of the elongated phosphor housing showing thesidewalls containing the phosphors;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis the elongatedphosphor housing showing the phosphors, reflective coatings and atransparent cap;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis the elongatedphosphor housing showing the phosphors, reflective coatings and atransparent cap disposed as a large radius lens;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis the elongatedphosphor housing showing the phosphors, reflective coatings and atransparent cap disposed as a small radius lens;

FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the phosphor housing disposed in a body ofa sight attached to a sighting device of a handgun;

FIG. 8 is a pictorial view of the front sight blade assembly of thehandgun;

FIG. 9 is a pictorial view of the rear notch sight assembly of thehandgun;

FIG. 10 is a schematic of a photoluminescent illuminator of the presentinvention with an ultraviolet source located near the base of thehousing;

FIG. 11 is a photographic depiction the photoluminescent illuminators ofthis invention mounted in an instrument housing; and

FIG. 12 is a schematic depicting a bow sight field of view with a sightlined up vertically and denoted by the photoluminescent illuminators ofthis invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the purpose of this invention, the term “passively charged” refersto the charging of non-radioactive photoluminescent materials byexposure to natural or artificial light sources. An example of passivelycharging a photoluminescent material using natural or artificial lightis described below.

For the purposes of this invention, the term “photoluminescent material”refers to any item exhibiting photoluminescent characteristics.

For the purposes of this invention, the term “photoluminescentcharacteristics” refers to an item's ability to absorb light and lateremit light, such as for example, during low light or darkenedconditions.

For the purposes of this invention, the term “low ambient lightenvironment: refers to nighttime, dusk, dawn, or conditions wherenatural or artificial illumination such as from powered light sourcesare not present.

For the purposes of this invention, the term “phosphors” refers to anymaterial, especially in powder, granular, or crystalline form exhibitingphotoluminescent characteristics. Examples of phosphors known in the artand suitable for this invention include: oxides, nitrides andoxynitrides, sulfides, selenides, halides or silicates of zinc, cadmium,manganese, aluminium, silicon, or various rare earth metals. Activatorsin these materials such as zinc and copper prolong the emission time orafterglow.

In one embodiment of this invention, the phosphors are made of strontiumaluminate (referred to herein as “SrAl”) or strontium magnesium(referred to herein as “SrMg”) materials. SrAl is a combination ofStrontium, Aluminum, and Oxygen. For example, in an embodiment thephosphors include SrAl₂O₄ phosphor crystals. Further, in an embodiment,the SrAl₂O₄ crystals are doped with rare earth elements, such as, forexample, lanthanides (e.g., Europium, Cerium, Holmium, Samarium,Erbium), and/or Yttrium. Europium doped SrAl₂O₄ emits a green light witha wavelength of approximately 520 nm. In another embodiment, thephosphors may be an alumina silicate based material. In anotherembodiment, the phosphors can be a mixture of different phosphors orphosphors and fluorescent materials such that the “color” or wavelengthof light emitted or perceived to be emitted can be changed.

Depending on the specific properties desired, the specific compositionof the phosphor composition may be varied. For example, theconcentration of SrAl crystals and/or the size of the SrAl crystals maybe varied to achieve different results. In general, increasing theconcentration of SrAl crystals, their size, or both results in bothincreased luminance performance. However, it also generally increasescosts. Additionally various additives may be added to the composition toenhance durability, maximize clarity, or change the effective color.

Strontium aluminate (SRA, SrAl, SrAl2O4) is a solid odorless,nonflammable, pale yellow powder, heavier than water. It is chemicallyand biologically inert. When activated with a suitable dopant (e.g.europium, then it is labeled SrAl2O4:Eu), it acts as a photoluminescentphosphor with long persistence of phosphorescence.

Strontium aluminate is a vastly superior phosphor to its predecessor,copper-activated zinc sulfide; it is about 10 times brighter and 10times longer glowing, however about 10 or more times more expensive thanZnS:Cu. Because strontium aluminate phosphors are doped with rare earthmetals, phosphor costs tend to fluctuate with the costs of rare earthmetals.

Strontium aluminate is very hard, causing abrasion to the machineryhandling it. Often strontium aluminate particles are coated with asuitable lubricant before being added to plastics. Many times theinternals of equipment used in processing strontium aluminate arecoating with a hard-surface material to prevent erosion of the equipmentand contamination o the phosphors.

Strontium aluminate phosphors produce green and aqua hues, where greengives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. Theexcitation wavelengths for strontium aluminate range from 200 to 450 nm.The wavelength for its green formulation is 520 nm, its blue-greenversion emits at 505 nm, and the blue one emits at 490 nm. Colors withlonger wavelengths can be obtained from the strontium aluminate as well,though for the price of some loss of brightness.

The wavelengths produced depend on the internal crystal structure of thematerial. Slight modifications in the manufacturing process (the type ofreducing atmosphere, small variations of stoichiometry of the reagents,addition of carbon or rare-earth halides) can significantly influencethe emission wavelengths and thus the colors.

Strontium aluminate phosphor is fired at about 1250° C. Subjecting it totemperatures above 1090° C. is likely to cause loss of itsphosphorescent properties.

The intensity of the afterglow depends on the particle size; generally,the bigger the particles, the better the glow.

In general, there is provided in this invention a photoluminescentcapsule illuminator for a sighting device. The photoluminescentilluminator has an elongated phosphor housing having sidewalls and abase, phosphors in a granular form disposed inside the phosphor housing,and an optically transparent cap sealing the phosphors in the phosphorhousing. The phosphor housing disposed in relation to a body of thesighting device (such as for example as a surface-mounted illuminationsource or in a cavity within the body of a sight attached to thesighting device) such that light emitted from the phosphors identifies alocation of the sight.

In one embodiment, the phosphors noted above are incorporated intophotoluminescent illuminators of this invention for passive illuminationof fixed, non-optical “iron” sights for firearms of all types and othersighting devices such as mortar and artillery sights, bow sights,sighting sticks, compasses and other devices. In particular, thephotoluminescent illuminators of this invention can be used in any otherapplications where replacement of radioactive tritium capsuleilluminators with safe, non-toxic, non-radioactive illumination sourcesmay be desired. The photoluminescent illuminators permit the sights onthese devices to be viewed for relatively long durations in low ambientlight environments and recharged quickly.

The photoluminescent illuminators of the invention can be used forfixed, non-optical, blade front sight and notch or “V” rear sights(“iron” sights) for firearms of all types and other sighting devicessuch as mortar and artillery sights, bow sights, sighting sticks,compasses, optical and laser rangefinders, navigational equipment,surveying equipment, coarse aiming devices for celestial and spottingtelescopes and similar devices, and any other applications where safe,reliable, non-toxic, non-radioactive illumination sources may be desiredincluding where replacement of radioactive tritium capsule illuminatorsis desired. Photoluminescent illuminators permit the sights and indiciaon these devices to be viewed for relatively long durations in lowambient light environments and recharged quickly.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of this invention showingan elongated phosphor housing 1 for a gun sight. The phosphor housing 1includes sidewalls 2 shown here for the sake of simplicity as tubularwalls but not so restricted to the cylindrical shape. The housing 1could be rectilinear, polygonal, elliptical, or any other closed shape.The housing 1 could include slots or slits in the walls of the housing.The housing 1 (including the sidewalls and base) in one embodiment ismade of a transparent material such as for example glasses or plastics.

For the purpose of this invention, the term “transparent” refers broadlyto a material which does not absorb a substantially large amount oflight such as for example plastics or glasses which, although notoptically clear due to light scattering, are considered “translucent”and transmit no more than 5% of incident light therethrough. Thesematerials nevertheless have utility in providing “charging” light to thephosphors. The term “transparent” also includes materials such clearplastics and clear glasses that are highly transparent transmitting morethan 50% of incident light therethrough with minimum scattering.

The housing 1 in one embodiment is molded or otherwise fabricated from awhite polymeric material. The housing 1 in one embodiment includes areflective coating 3 disposed on the outside wall 2 of the housing 1which serves both to direct light into the elongated phosphor housing tocharge the phosphor particles and to propagate photoluminescent lightemitted from the phosphors out of the elongated phosphor housing. In oneembodiment of this invention, the reflective coating 3 can be a metalliccoating or a white paint. The open end of the elongated phosphor housingis covered with transparent cap 4 formed from a drop of optically clearepoxy material that serves both as a closure to retain the phosphorparticles and as a lens to focus the light emitted by the phosphorparticles.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along a longitudinal axis the elongatedphosphor housing 1. This view shows the confinement of phosphors 5 bythe sidewall 2 and the base 6 of the elongated phosphor housing 1 andthe transparent cap 4. The base 6 in one embodiment includes areflective coating 7 (which may be the same coating as reflectivecoating 3 disposed on the outside of the base 6 which serves to reflectphotoluminescent light emitted from the phosphors 5 back out of theelongated phosphor housing. In one embodiment the end opposite the openend of the capsule is closed by a continuation of the molded sidewalls.In another embodiment, it is closed by means of a separately appliedwhite epoxy. In one embodiment of this invention, the reflective coating3 and 7 can be a metallic coating or a white paint. In one embodiment ofthis invention, transparent cap 4 is made from a curable,optically-clear epoxy applied over the end of the phosphor housing 1once the phosphors are loaded therein.

In one embodiment of this invention, the transparent cap 4 is shaped toform a lens. The lens in one embodiment is a focusing lens imaging thecap at an image distance of one meter, a typical distance from a shooterto a hand gun or a typical distance from a shooter to a rear riflesight. The transparent cap 4 in one embodiment is a focusing lensimaging the cap at an image distance of 10 cm, a typical distance from ashooter to a front rifle sight. The transparent cap 4 in one embodimentis a collimating lens collimating light from the phosphor housing 1 in asubstantially non-diverging beam. In one embodiment, a molded lensserving as the transparent cap 4 having the desired shape can be epoxiedonto the end of the elongated phosphor housing 1. In another embodiment,the surface tension, amount of epoxy applied, and intensity ofultraviolet causing the epoxy to cure can be adjusted to form a shape ofthe required curvature of the transparent cap 4 to approximate a lens.

Techniques for forming lens elements from plastics and epoxies aredescribed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,374,668; 6,153,719; and7,023,622 and in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0194186. Resinformulations that have minimal birefringence are described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,445,513. Each of the patents and patent applications areincorporated herein in their entirety. These techniques and materialsfor the fabrication of lens elements are suitable for the presentinvention.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,668 describes a polysulfide based resin lens, whichwould be suitable for the present invention. One polysulfide based resinlens described therein and suitable for the present invention is amixture of an epoxy resin, a polythiol compound, and an internalreleasing agent, which is cast polymerized. The polysulfide based resinlens describe therein provides excellent opticophysical properties and ahigh surface accuracy without special surface treatments. Onepolysulfide based resin lens described therein and suitable for thepresent invention is a mixture of an epoxy and/or episulfide resinhaving at least two epoxy groups and/or episulfide groups, and at leastone polythiol compound having at least two mercapto groups, and at leastone internal releasing agent.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,719 describes a composition suitable for the presentinvention and including an epoxy compound, a thiol curing agent, acatalyst or accelerator and a phosphorus-containing, adhesion-promotingcompound having at least one P—OH group and at least one organic moietycharacterized by the presence of an ethylenically unsaturated group.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,622 describes ways to make lens elements forminiature microscopes with a description of the fabrication and designcriteria for mm-size optical elements, which would be suitable for thepresent invention. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0194186 describes amethod for manufacturing a polymer miniature lens, which would besuitable for the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an end view of the elongated phosphor housing 1 showing thesidewall 2 containing the phosphors 5. In one embodiment of thisinvention, the phosphors 5 are loaded into the housing 1 without anypolymer fill between the crystals. In another embodiment, phosphors 5are loaded into the housing 1 with an optically matching (i.e., index ofrefraction matching) fluid filling the space between the crystals tominimize light scatter. Suitable fluids for this invention include butare not limited to “FC-43” or “FC-104” which are general purposeperfluorocarbon fluids manufactured by the 3M Company. DECALIN ordecahydronaphthalenel, a fluid manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company.

FIG. 4 is a side view of the elongated phosphor housing 1 showing thereflective coating 3 disposed on the outside of the wall 2 as well as aflat cap 4 of optically transparent epoxy.

FIG. 5 is a view of the elongated phosphor housing 1 showing the end cap4 of the optically transparent epoxy formed as a lens with a relativelylarger radius.

FIG. 6 is a view of the elongated phosphor housing 1 showing the end cap4 of the optically transparent epoxy formed as a lens with a relativelysmaller radius.

FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the phosphor housing 1 disposed in a bodyof front blade sight 12 attached to a sighting device 26 and a body ofrear notch sight 14 attached to a sighting device 30 such that lightemitted from the phosphors identifies a location of the sight. In FIG.7, a typical handgun 18 is shown having aiming sights (i.e., a sightingdevice) including a front sight blade 12 and a rear notch sight 14. Thehandgun 18 has a handle 16, a lower receiver 18 a typical triggermechanism 20, and a slide 22 slidably supported on the lower receiver18. Details of a typical handgun and are found in U.S. Pat. No.5,065,519, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

The front sight blade 12 is located at the front of the slide 22 whilethe rear notch sight 14 is located at the rear of the slide 22. Thefront blade 12 shown in FIG. 8 has a mounting base 26 which is wedgeshaped or angulated at its sides to provide for a press fitted dovetailtype assembly in a slot at the forward end of slide 22. In similarfashion the rear notch sight 14 has a mounting base 30 which is wedgeshaped or angulated at its sides to provide for a press fitted dovetailtype assembly in a slot at the rearward end of slide 22.

In one embodiment, the front blades are made integral with the slide ormain gun barrel.

For purposes of durability and strength the front and rear notch sight12 and 14, respectively, and the slide 22 are made of a strong, durablemetal, i.e. heat treated, hardened steels.

As noted, night sighting is provided by the phosphor housing 1 of thisinvention used as an insert assembly. As in the embodiment of FIG. 9,the rear notch sight 14 has a center notch (such as notch 15 in FIG. 9)and a pair of bores 16 on opposite sides thereof. The bores 16 house thephosphor housing 1. The bores 16 can be vented from the back side toallow for curing of an adhesive holding the phosphor housings 1 in thebores 16. The phosphor housing 1 have their transparent caps 4 facingoutward. The transparent caps can be focusing lens having an imagedistance set to an average distance from a handgun to an eye of ashooter. The transparent caps can be focusing lens having an imagedistance set to an average distance from a front rifle sight to an eyeof a shooter. The transparent caps can be focusing lens having an imagedistance set to an average distance from a rear rifle sight to an eye ofa shooter.

For assembly purposes the rear sight blade 14 is provided with a base 30having wedge shaped or angulated sides to facilitate a press fitteddovetail type assembly.

In one embodiment of the invention, the above noted illuminators areused to locate an object in a dark or low light environment. In thisembodiment, external light to the illuminator is transmitted for examplethrough a transparent cap or transparent sidewalls of thephotoluminescent illuminator to charge the phosphors in the phosphorhousing. The illuminator (disposed in relation to a body of the object)has preferably but not necessarily an elongated phosphor housing.Phosphors in a powder and/or granular form are disposed inside thephosphor housing. The cap seals the phosphors in the phosphor housing.In this embodiment, photoluminescent light emitted from the phosphors(and transmitted through for example a transparent cap or a transparentsidewall) marks a position of the object in the dark or low lightenvironment.

In this embodiment of the invention and others, an ultraviolet lightsource such as a UV LED can be used to charge, re-charge, or keepcharged the phosphors in the photoluminescent illuminator. In oneembodiment, an ultraviolet light source 40 such as a UV LED is connectedto the phosphor housing 1 as shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 is a schematic ofa photoluminescent illuminator of the present invention with anultraviolet source located near the base, although other locations onthe housing are suitable. In another embodiment, the ultraviolet lightsource 40 can be located remote from the housing. In another embodiment,the ultraviolet light source 40 can be installed inside the housing. Inthese and other embodiments, the phosphor housing 1 may beattachable/detachable from the object which is to be illuminated tofacilitate interchange or replacement of different units. In these andother embodiments, the cap 4 may be attachable/detachable from thephosphor housing 1 to facilitate interchange or replacement of differentlens elements.

In this embodiment, the illuminator can include any of the featuresdescribed above and can perform the functions noted above. In thisembodiment, the illuminator can include any or all of a transparent cap,a transparent side wall, and/or a transparent base.

In one embodiment of the invention, the above noted illuminators areused to illuminate an object. In this embodiment, external light to theilluminator is transmitted for example through a transparent sidewall ora transparent cap of a photoluminescent illuminator. The illuminator(disposed in relation to a body of the object) has preferably but notnecessarily an elongated phosphor housing. Phosphors in a powder orgranular form are disposed inside the phosphor housing. The cap sealsthe phosphors in the phosphor housing. In this embodiment, the phosphorsin the photoluminescent illuminator are charged by exposure of theilluminator to an external light source, and external light transmittedfor example through the transparent cap or the transparent sidewallcharges the phosphors. In this embodiment, photoluminescent lightemitted from the phosphors (and transmitted through at least one of thetransparent cap and the transparent sidewalls) illuminates the object.

In this embodiment, the illuminator can include any of the featuresdescribed above and can perform the functions noted above. In thisembodiment, the illuminator can include any or all of a transparent cap,a transparent side wall, and/or a transparent base.

In one embodiment of the invention, a photoluminescent capsuleilluminator is provided which includes an elongated phosphor housinghaving sidewalls and a base. The photoluminescent illuminator includesphosphors in a granular form disposed inside the phosphor housing. Thephotoluminescent illuminator includes a cap sealing the phosphors in thephosphor housing. The phosphor housing is disposed in relation to a bodyof an object to be illuminated such that photoluminescent light emittedfrom the phosphors is emitted from the phosphor housing.

In this embodiment, the illuminator can include any of the featuresdescribed above and can perform the functions noted above. In thisembodiment, the illuminator can include a transparent cap, a transparentside wall, and/or a transparent base. In this embodiment, theilluminator may include an opaque cap and a transparent side wall, or atransparent cap and an opaque side wall, or an opaque base and atransparent side wall, or a transparent base and an opaque side wall.

Accordingly, a variety of applications such as those described above canutilize the photoluminescent illuminators of the invention to illuminateobjects or mark objects in a low light or dark environment.

FIG. 11 is a photographic depiction of photoluminescent illuminators 50of this invention mounted in an instrument housing opposite aninstrument face 53 of a compass. More details of this application aredescribed in Attorney Docket No. 350117US, entitled “Method ofIlluminating a Magnetic Compass or Other Type of Indicia in Low LightSituations Using Photoluminescent Materials, U.S. Ser. No. 61/256,891,the entire contents of which are incorporate by reference. In thepresent invention, illumination of a magnetic navigational compass orany similar instrument device can occur using multiple ones of thephotoluminescent illuminators 50 constructed as described above. Inthese applications, the photoluminescent illuminators 50 replace thephotoluminescent disk and rod(s) in the '891 application that were madefrom polypropylene or other polymeric material incorporatingphotoluminescent pigments into the polymeric material.

Additionally, the photoluminescent illuminators of this invention can beused as indicators/reference points/aim points/orientation points/etc.where the human eye needs cuing in the dark. FIG. 12 is a schematicdepicting a sight having a field of view 60 with a sight marker 62 (forexample on a bow sight or other aiming device) lined up vertically andilluminated by the photoluminescent illuminators 64 of this inventionthereby marking and identifying the sight 62. Specifically, in thisembodiment, photoluminescent illuminators 64 of this invention areutilized to denote the sight 62 in the field of view under low lightconditions. In one embodiment, the sight need not have a vertical sightmarker but can be aligned at any predetermined angle.

Other applications for the photoluminescent illuminators of thisinvention include photoluminescent markers for outline marking of atargeted area (such as for example a landing site), trenchidentification, path or trail marking, spot marking, and mine marking.The photoluminescent illuminators of this invention can function asself-luminous route markers which can be placed on objects along roadsand trails to mark the pathway, without need for power. Since thephotoluminescent illuminators of this invention can have color dopantsadded (as noted above), these markers can be a visibly colored marker indaylight which is readily discernable from the background, while beingself-illuminating at dusk and night.

Such self-illuminating photoluminescent illuminators of this inventioncan also be used in airplanes- or helicopter-instruments, for rifle ormortar scopes, vehicles markings, military transport land and nauticalvehicles such as for example tanks and underwater vehicles where rarelywould outside light be available to assist operators should there bepower interruption.

Numerous modifications and variations of the invention are possible inlight of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood thatwithin the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein.

1. A photoluminescent sighting device for a firearm barrel, comprising:a sight mounted directly to the firearm barrel; and a photoluminescentilluminator disposed on the sight facing a rear of the firearm barrel,said photoluminescent illuminator comprising phosphors and noradioactive material, wherein photoluminescent light emitted from thephosphors identifies a location of the sight on the firearm barrel. 2.The device of claim 1, wherein the photoluminescent illuminatorcomprises: a capsule comprising an elongated phosphor housing forcontaining the phosphors on the front sight, the housing havingsidewalls and a base, wherein the phosphors are in a powder or granularform disposed inside the phosphor housing.
 3. The device of claim 2,wherein at least a part of the housing comprises a white polymericmaterial.
 4. The device of claim 2, wherein at least a part of thehousing comprises a polymeric material having a preselected colorcomprising at least one of a red color, a yellow color, a green color,or a blue color.
 5. The device of claim 2, further comprising areflective coating disposed on the outside of the sidewalls.
 6. Thedevice of claim 6, wherein the reflective coating comprises a metalliccoating or a white paint.
 7. The device of claim 2, wherein the basecomprises a reflective coating.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein thereflective coating comprises a metallic coating or a white paint.
 9. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein phosphors are selectable to emit differentwavelengths of light.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the phosphorscomprise at least one oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, sulfides,selenides, halides or silicates of zinc, cadmium, manganese, aluminum,silicon, rare earth metals, strontium aluminate, and strontiummagnesium.
 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the phosphors are disposedinside a housing without polymer fill between the crystals.
 12. Thedevice of claim 1, further comprising a transparent cap disposed overthe phosphors and shaped to form a lens.
 13. The device of claim 12,wherein the transparent cap comprises at least one of a focusing lensand a collimating lens.
 14. The illuminator of claim 1, wherein thephosphors comprise passively charged phosphors
 15. The illuminator ofclaim 14, wherein the passively charged phosphors comprise at least oneof strontium aluminate and strontium magnesium.
 16. The illuminator ofclaim 1, wherein the sight comprises a front sight for the firearmbarrel.
 17. The illuminator of claim 1, wherein the sight comprises arear sight for the firearm barrel.
 18. The illuminator of claim 1,wherein the photoluminescent illuminator forms at least one of acapsule, a rod, an aiming point, or reference point on the sight. 19.The illuminator of claim 1, further comprising a reflective coatingprovided with the photoluminescent illuminator.
 20. The illuminator ofclaim 1, wherein the photoluminescent illuminator emits thephotoluminescent light toward the rear of the firearm.